An artist’s conception of GJ 251 c, showing the planet (left), its host star (right), and a previously discovered planet that orbits closer to the star (middle). Michael Marcheschi / m2design
The team found that the surface may have liquid water on its surface – a necessary ingredient for life
The work identifies an ideal target planet for the in-development Thirty Meter Telescope.
The planet in question may be rocky like Earth and a few times more massive.
NASA and National Science Foundation helped support the research.
Irvine, Calif., Oct. 23, 2025 — University of California, Irvine astronomers have identified an exoplanet located in a star’s habitable zone, where surface conditions might exist that can support the presence of liquid water – an essential ingredient for all known life. The exoplanet, which exists in a region of the Milky Way Galaxy that is relatively close to our solar system, may have a rocky composition like Earth and is several times more massive, making it a “super-Earth.”
The UC Irvine researchers and colleagues discuss their characterization of the exoplanet in a paper published today in The Astronomical Journal.
“We have found so many exoplanets at this point that discovering a new one is not such a big deal,” said co-author Paul Robertson, UC Irvine associate professor of physics & astronomy. “What makes this especially valuable is that its host star is close by, at just about 18 light-years away. Cosmically speaking, it’s practically next door.”
The exoplanet is called GJ 251 c, and it orbits an M-dwarf star, the oldest and most common type of star in our home Milky Way galaxy. M-dwarfs exhibit high levels of stellar activity, such as starspots (cool, dark regions on the star’s surface) and flares (sudden bursts of outward energy away from the star). Such stellar activity may mimic subtle RV signatures, resulting in a misleading exoplanet detection.
However, GJ 251 c’s proximity to Earth makes it an ideal target for future direct imaging studies with the University of California’s in-development Thirty Meter Telescope.
The large size of TMT’s mirrors may enable it to directly image faint exoplanets like GJ 251 c and confirm the presence of water.
“TMT will be the only telescope with sufficient resolution to image exoplanets like this one. It’s just not possible with smaller telescopes,” said Corey Beard, Ph.D., data scientist at Design West Technologies, a former graduate student from Robertson’s group and the study’s lead author.
The discovery of GJ 251 c was made possible by data from the Habitable-zone Planet Finder and NEID – exoplanet-hunting instruments Robertson helped build. HPF and NEID detect the subtle effects an orbiting exoplanet has on its host star.
As GJ 251 c’s gravity pulls on its host star, it creates small, rhythmic shifts in the star’s emitted light. HPF recorded these subtle shifts in light, which, known as radial velocity signatures, were used to determine the existence of the orbiting exoplanet.
HPF helps overcome some of M-dwarf’s stellar activity issues by observing the night sky in the infrared – a part of the spectrum where stellar activity signals are weaker.
The statistical significance of the team’s computational modeling work is strong enough to identify GJ 251 c as an exoplanet candidate, emphasizing the importance of future direct imaging observations with TMT.
“We are at the cutting edge of technology and analysis methods with this system,” said Beard. “While its discovery is quite statistically significant, we are still determining the status of the planet due to the uncertainty of our instruments and methods. We need the next generation of telescopes to directly image this candidate, but what we also need is community investment.”
Beard and Robertson hope that their work can motivate the exoplanet science community to further investigate GJ 251 c in preparation for the direct imaging capabilities of next-generation ground-based observatories like Thirty Meter Telescope.
This story was originally published by UC Irvine on October 23, 2025.